The Left And Right Brain Theory

The human brain is divided into two: the right brain and the left brain. The Herrmann brain dominance theory provides good details on how both divisions of the brain co-ordinate and also gives the functions of each side of the brain. The theory was developed by William Herrmann while leading management at the general electric company. In his model, Herrmann identified four different modes of thinking. The first mode of thinking according to the theory which is analytical thinking involves activities such as collecting data, judging ideas based on facts and logical reasoning.The second mode of thinking is sequential thinking and involves activities such as following direction and structured problem solving. The third type of thinking involves listening and expressing ideas as well as group interaction and is known as interpersonal thinking. The last type of thinking is the imaginative thinking in which individuals look at the bigger picture. (Voges, 2005). The theory thus suggests tha t people develop a thinking preference. Analytical techniques are associated with the left brain while intuitive understanding is associated with the right brain.A person may therefore be dominant in analytical style of thinking but be weaker in interpersonal style of thinking meaning that the person’s left brain is dominant. According to the theory however, all people use all styles but to varying degrees. (De Boer, 2001) Brain hemispheres develop symmetrically meaning that the functions that develop on one side of the brain also develop on the other side. A child who suffers brain injury before attaining the age of four years can utilize the other side of the brain for basic functions.However, the child will not grow normally. This is what happens in children otherwise known as alpha or right brained children. (Barbara, 1982). Most theories of curriculum consider cognition, maturation and development, concepts and skills, thinking skills and the philosophy of education. Mos t core subjects have moved toward student centered experiential and constructivists learning strategies. Constructivism is a theory the nature of knowledge with the belief that knowledge is created by people and influenced by among other things their values and culture.In curriculum therefore, the teacher is expected to pose problems that will challenge the student’s conception of reality. The doctrine of the theory supported by brain research makes it necessary to have major changes in the design and implementation of the curriculum of social studies. It is important to recognize that a child actively develops his /her own meanings from what he/she observes in the community. Change of curriculum in a manner that reflects this aspect would reflect the complex nature of meaning making.This theory supported by the brain dominance theory is very important in offering many social studies teachers a chance to make inquiry teachings a reality. This is because, the dominance theory clearly stipulates that there is a part of the brain charged with the responsibility of acquiring meanings and children therefore should be left to make interpretations on their own albeit under the guidance of teachers(Gibson & Roberta 2004). According to Carla Hannaford, learning is not all in our heads. Understanding and use of connections between the body and mind is the key to extensive learning.Carla also emphasizes the importance of teaching, valuing and developing the whole child. Both sides of the brain are balanced when children are involved in activities such as crawling because Carla argues that learning begins with movement in response to stimulus and then create a context to understand the sensory input. Just as the constructivist theory, understanding has to be made by the children them selves through the coordination of the brain hemispheres, and not just forced on a child. (Carla ,1995)When a child is reading, it is true that not all words are read correctly and man y mistakes are made in the process. An interactive form of learning which involves discussions and hands on experiment where learners try and fail and keep on trying until they get the right thing is very vital in enhancing the child’s reading capabilities. This form of learning falls in the third form of thinking according to the Herrmann’s theory. To help the child further his/her reading capabilities, it is also important that procedural learning be applied.This form of learning involves methodical step by step testing of what is being learnt. This means that the teacher will ask a child to read out some words that had earlier been taught. The constant reference to earlier works and readings will help the child to fully learn. Procedural learning falls in the second category of thinking according to Herrmann’s dominance theory and thus the opposite side of the interactive learning theory. (De Boer, 2001)It is important to note that even if the dominance theor y suggests that people have one side of their brains dominant over the other, comprehensive learning is all about the use of the entire brain. The use of all quadrants as categorized in the dominance theory is the only way to help achieve a students full potential. REFERENCE: De Boer Ann – Louis. â€Å"The value of HBDI in facilitating effective teaching and learning in criminology. † Acta criminologica vol 14(1)2001. Acessed 21st May 2008 from http://www. hbdi. co. za/deboervdb. pdf . Voges, A.â€Å"research on how adults learn† University of Pretoria. (2005)accessed 21st may 2008 from http://upetd. up. ac. za/thesis/available/etd-08112005-153748/unrestricted/02chapter2. pdf Barbara, M. (1982). Unicorns are real A right brained approach to learning. jalmar press. Gibson, S. Roberta, M. (2004) â€Å"What Constructivist Theory and Brain Research May Offer Social Studies† constructive curriculum theory. Accessed 21st May 2008 from http://cc. ctu. edu. tw/~g eek/Constructivist%20Curriculum%20Model. htm Carla, H. (1995) Smart moves. Great ocean publishers

The Dangers of Television

SUMARY The Dangers of Television by Harriet B Fuller (USA) According to Harriet in the United States, television has played in changing American values as follows. In the 1940s, television was predicted to bring families closer together. Its influence, however, has splintered family relations. The first danger of television, as the author mentions is the lack of as family outings‚ the going of the whole family together such as family take a walk, dine out, go to the cinema are constrain when one or more family members do not go by they want watching more go out.The second danger mentioned by the author is the limitation of family time together at home. The recreational activities before TV include: games, songs, and hobbies. They will replace the time of the occasion for talking in family: debate and talk with family members. The final danger as the author claims is the â€Å"domination† of TV in our daily life. This is â€Å"dominates† the family. The family acti vity depend on TV.In conclusion, the writer gives an alarm that if children watch TV for hours; it has become a pacifier and a baby-sitter. Parents' roles as educators have been replaced by TV, preventing necessary interactions between family members Reaction paragraph According to Harriet in the United States, television it now â€Å"dominates† the family and In my opinion, the writer is completely true. Obviously,I have seen the effects of television on my family and agree with the author of this article.As a child, I can remember watching very little television. The majority of my time was spent outdoors with my family gardening, playing, caring for livestock. However, I did have a younger brother who preferred watching television to joining our family activities. and bad effect to our family. In conclusion, it is significant that we need to consider the dangers of television to our life and future because it effect to family relationship.

African American Essay Essay

African American literature is captivating, powerful, spiritual, and emotional. The recurring theme is slavery but there are others such as inequality among sexes and races, injustice, resentment, and the strong belief in religion. These pieces of literature have been told by the individuals who went through the experience of slavery such as Frederick Douglass and others, like Jamaica Kincaid who have a passion for writing. The writers who experienced slavery themselves had differing views of their experience and relationship with their master. These pieces of literature share the pain, strength, heartache and will to go that each of these individuals experienced. The first reading is, To My Old Master, by Jourdan Anderson. This piece of literature is Anderson’s response to a letter he has received from his old master. It is a compelling story about how terrible and bad the Whites treated the African Americans. The master want’s Anderson and his family to come back and work for him. He reminds the master about how poorly they were treated while working for him. Anderson states, â€Å"Although you shot at me twice before I left you, I did not want to hear of your being hurt, and am glad you are still living. † (1865, p. 15). Anderson tells the master that he is making money and his family is living and doing well. He even expresses that his children are receiving an education now. It is very apparent to the reader that Anderson’s wife does not want to return and work for the master. â€Å"Mandy says she would be afraid to go back without some proof that you were disposed to treat us justly and kindly; and we have concluded to test your sincerity by asking you to send us our wages for the time we served you. † (1865, p. 16). Anderson remembers how horribly the woman and girls were treated, and he will never allow his daughters to go through that experience. â€Å"I would stay here and starve- and die, if it come to that- than to have my girls brought to shame by the violence and wickedness of their young masters. † (1865, p. 16) The end of the story the reader still feels Anderson’s resentment and bitterness toward the master. The next story and the one piece I enjoyed the most is, â€Å"White Folks Treated Us Good† by Marriah Hines. Hines states, â€Å"My white people treated us decent. † (p. 32). She goes onto further explain how her master feed, dressed, and kept them well. Hines explains how terrible master’s treated other slaves. â€Å"Some unfortunate individuals practically have nothing to eat. Why, the way their owners treated them was disgraceful treated them like felines and canines† (Hines, p. 32). Hines sounds fortunate and lucky to have worked for her master. The master gave the slaves Sunday off to rest and even allowed them to attend Church. Unlike other slaves Hines was never raped, beaten, or treated in a physical horrible way. The compelling part of this piece occured when the slaves were allowed to leave; most of them choose to stay. â€Å"Most of us stayed right there and raised our own crops. † (p. 34). Hines knew of her freedom but believed in her loyalty to her master and his family. The master provided her with assistance and support. A rare occurrence to read an African American piece of literature that speaks of a master in a positive and respectful manner. This master was a different man of his time. He did not take advantage of his slaves or treat them in a horrendous manner. This master used his slaves to care and run his property but treated them with respect and dignity, they deserved. Hines went onto, marry Benjamin F. Hines and give birth to five children. The last piece of literature is, â€Å"If We Must Die† by Claude McKay. This poem is about how horribly and disgusting Whites treated African Americans. It is written about the race riots in 1919. It describes the strength of the African Americans standing up to the Whites even if it ultimately meant dying. McKay states, â€Å"Like men we’ll face the murderous, cowardly pack, pressed to the wall, dying but fighting back! † (p. 378). This poem exemplifies the bravery and the will to fight for what is right otherwise these people would have been beaten and killed for the rest of their lives. There will always be a presence of racism in the world and specifically in the United States of America. Still today African Americans are treated equally as Whites. Although we as a country have come a very long way there is still work to be done. The more we educate people the less we will experience ignorance. The hate and the idea of inferiority will slow diminish if people become educated. I can end proudly stating that I am married to a Black man and we have two beautiful daughters, and I give an enormous amount of respect to those who fought for what was right. References Anderson, J. (1865). To my old master. In I. Reed (Ed. ), African American Literature. Abrief introduction and anthology (pp. 15-16). New York: The Longman LiteraryMosaic Series. [serial online]. December 2005;36(4):299-323. Available from:Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed May 23, 2011. Hines, M. (n. d. ). My white folks treated us good. In I. Reed (Ed. ), African Americanliterature. A brief introduction and anthology (pp. 21-25). New York: TheLongman Literary Mosaic Series. [serial online]. December 2005;36(4):299-323. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed May 21,2011. McKay, C. (n. d. ). If we must die. In I. Reed (Ed. ), African American literature. Abriefintroduction and anthology (pp. 378). New York: The Longman LiterarySeries[serial online]. December 2005;36(4):299-323. Available from: AcademicSearchComplete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed Dec, 2011.

Client Strategy Proposal for AngliCare Australia (Non Profit Research Paper

Client Strategy Proposal for AngliCare Australia (Non Profit Organisation) - Research Paper Example The message we are trying to spread here is â€Å"Let others reuse to the core for what you have use no more†, encouraging people to donate things that they are done with, but something that still has some sort of value so that someone else can put it to use. Introduction AngliCare is a social welfare agency based in Australia. They provide a unique range of community services including family relationship services, foster care, adoption, employment services, community housing and development, etc. Originally established in June 1976 as â€Å"Anglican Health and Welfare Services†, AngliCare now has a staff of over 400 and a network of more than 300 volunteers and counting, AngliCare is now one of Australia’s largest Christian care organizations and reaches out to over 38 thousand people every year, making an annual turnover of over 25 Million Dollars. (About Us 2011) Being a social welfare organization, AngliCare provides specialized services to all, children, th e aged, the disabled; anyone who requires help. They realize that more often than not, people are in need of an ear to listen and some moral support. Their main aim is to try to help these people through love and Jesus. Goals & Objectives AngliCare has a vision to change lives and communities by care through Jesus Christ. They believe that, â€Å"we live in a just and fair society in which all people thrive.† (Dear Applicant 2011). All they want to do is help everyone get there. They want to provide support and services to those who need it, as a push to make them reach where they want to. They also want to play a role in influencing policy makers to ensure that institutions and systems are made aware of the needs of all people in the community. AngliCare has one mission-to care: by doing good work that will help communities evolve and address any kind of needs, emotional, social or physical, that the people may have. AngliCare’s goal is to work together with people, f amilies and their communities so as to enhance their abilities and to encourage them to cope with the daily challenges that life has to offer. They do so by being compassionate, responsive, non judgmental and non discriminating in their strive to help others feel empowered. AngliCare depends on team work. It is their best strategy and has over time made them believe that cooperation and collaboration is what leads to achieving quality outcomes for both individuals and communities. Situation Analysis: SWOT Strengths: AngliCare provides a vast range of services that has turned to be a strength for them. These services include caring for the aged, youth services, family relationship services, disability and carer services, disaster recovery, etc. They do not discriminate or judge, but accept whoever comes to them with needs. Being a social welfare group, this plays a very strong role in their functioning. Their main motto is to care and they ensure that this message is communicated to all they come across. AngliCare also has strength in its organizational and services structures that are very comprehensive and well planned. Weakness: In spite of being a social welfare organization, everything is not given to AngliCare on a silver platter. They are facing issues that can be considered a weakness to their functioning, such as with some of its events, the volunteers and the bad donations to its op shops. They need to work on

Chapter questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Chapter questions - Essay Example Future challenges that demand continued and strengthened collaboration include the dynamic nature of health condition that identifies emergence of new complications, need for unity among players in the global health issues, and the factors â€Å"that have encouraged the development of public-private partnerships for health† (Skolnik 359, 360). The public-private partnership refers to a framework in which parties from both public and private sectors collaborate in efforts to ensure more effective health care. The partnership might be valuable because of its pooled interest and resources that can meet different needs that could not be met by the parties if they were to work independently within their sectors’ interest and resources. The private sector, for example, has resources but are not willing to venture into care initiatives with low returns an interest that exist in the public sector. The partnership pools the sector’s interests and resources (Skolnik 350). Addressing the problems requires cooperative action because the problems affect wider regions and across international borders and only collaborative efforts across all the affected regions can tackle the problem comprehensively (Skolnik

Developing academic skills for Business and Management Essay

Developing academic skills for Business and Management - Essay Example Between 1996 and 2010 a lot of research has taken place in the field of family owned business and a lot of theory has been developed (James, Jennings & Breitkruz, 2012). Now a new breed of researchers wants to validate those findings and theories by their research on Asia based family owned business. This new field of research is essential to validate or negate the findings of researchers in the field who have researched on similar enterprises in other countries. This new lot of researches aims to find out whether the previous finds are universal and robust in their conclusion or are particular and country specific, or in other words specific to the western world. According to Johns’ (2006) research into the field of family owned business it has been increasingly found that that there has been lot of research on the business enterprises but the researches on family owned business have slowly disappeared. This goes hand in hand with the real life situation where family owned businesses are slowly losing their relevance and are being converted to professionally managed business. James, Jennings and Breitkruz suggested and invited other scholars to indulge in more research in the field to research into the subject to understand the association between family and their business (James, Jennings & Breitkruz, 2012). Another thing that is important to study in the field of family business particularly with respect to Asian countries is the role of context in shaping this family business. By context it is meant over here the circumstances or conditions that influences or the influencing factors in the family business. It is important to note t hat although the overall characteristics and conditions of business environment is similar to the countries present in the Asia pacific region , there still exists subtle differences. For example, in underdeveloped

Ergonomic in my workplace Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ergonomic in my workplace - Assignment Example This is because they are required to bend stretch and twist their bodies. Also, the fact that the bed ridden or injured clients are awkward people makes it hard for the nurses to safely move them from one position to another. The bending and twisting cause chronic back pains and injuries. The solution to this problem is the use of mechanical lift sheets, draw sheets and specially trained lifting teams for moving the equipment. In addition, most health care organizations have no lift policies that make clients tiresome when they bend, stretch and twist their bodies. The most common ergonomic issues revolve around interactions between the staff members, the clients and the psychiatric unit systems. The first ergonomic issue involves lifting causing back pain chronic back injury. The most immediate operations after clients are received in the psychiatric unit is the x-ray, blood tests on HIV, TB and STDs. Due to the client violent behaviours and the need to attend the clients physically, the staff find it hard to relate with this working environment (Salvendy, 2012). It is hard to get the client relaxed and ready to receive medical treatments. Sometimes the clients spit on the staff members or escalates while being injected. In order to curb this problem, the clients are fitted with masks or face shield to prevent them from spitting on the staff. In addition, the psychiatrics give medicine to the clients for them to sleep usually for 8 to 48 hours at one time. In this way, the staff can easily attend the clients, perform their tests and draw blood from their bodies. Another common ergonomic issue arises when moving the clients from the stretcher to the bed or from one bed to another. The issue has also spread in the raising of the blood drawing table position in an elevated position. Usually, the nurses are required to bend, twist or stretch because lifting injured clients

The rise of Christianity was important to the growth of the late Roman Research Paper

The rise of Christianity was important to the growth of the late Roman period. How did the Church help continue civilization after the fall of the Western Empire - Research Paper Example Paul was an apostle who travelled across the Roman Empire in 30 years to preach Christianity to some of the important cities of the empire. Some of the cities such as Philippi, Athens, and Corinth consisted of thousands of desperate and poor people who were thought to be the perfect audience for the message of Christianity that supported eternal life. Paul went to the homes of these people and preached the message of Jesus. However, Jesus only went to the Jews while Paul took his message to the non-Jews as well. Christianity tended to ease the rules and adopted a more relaxed approach towards the ancient laws about circumcision and food. The Jewish traditions were greatly led down due to this but this was the main reason for the widespread of Christianity. As the Christian movement focused on non-Jewish members as well, the rules were changed from the strict ones to the relaxed ones so that Jews could adopt them. However, gradually Christianity had been adopted as a separate and new religion. As Christianity gained importance in Rome, the failings of Emperor Nero were hidden under Christians who were a far easier target. Christians were few in Rome by then even and they were now highly suspicious. Christians had become an easy target and their rituals were mistaken commonly. Nero, in this time, tortured the Roman Christians by throwing them to wild animals, burning them alive, or crucifying them1. However, even after this persecution, the Christian religion prevailed and although it did not repeat in other areas and was brief, it became more organized over the time. By 323 AD, Christianity had become the official religion in the Roman Empire. Ever since then, the Christianity and Catholic Church played a significant role in establishing and forming the Western Society. Throughout the history of the Catholic Church, it has been seen as a source of inspiration of social services such as medical care and schooling,

Mini case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mini case study - Assignment Example to as â€Å"essential and enduring tenets† that help define the company and are â€Å"not to be compromised for financial gain or short term expediency,† (DesJardins, 2006, p. 5). It is evident from the definition given above that it is unethical to exploit women in promoting beauty products for financial gain. For instance, the aspect of stereotyping beauty has caused severe pressure on women who try hard to change their appearance in order to suit the ideal model of a beautiful woman. Claiming that certain beauty products would make women look more beautiful unethical since it causes more negative impacts than positive gains especially on the consumers. This leads to social unrest where some women would end up looking down upon themselves and try to imitate the beauty stereotypes. Enlightened firms should encourage their managers to be socially responsible and seek ways to protect the long-run interests of their consumers (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). In other words, presenting other beauty products as ideal for women causes unnecessary social unrest among the targeted audiences and this practice in business is unethical. 2. In my opinion, I think there should be no standardized approach to defining beauty within the international advertising and fashion industry. First and foremost, beauty is natural and there can be no universal yardstick that can be used to measure it. Each individual human being has his or her own expectations of what constitute beauty and this cannot be contested. The issue of beauty mainly emanates from opinionated views of different individuals which cannot be standardised. The other reason is that we all come from different backgrounds and there are different races across the globe. For instance, there are whites, Indians, Chinese, black as well as Arabic races women from these groups significantly differ. By virtue of the fact that we come from different races, it can be seen that it is impossible to have a universally agreed standard

What do you see as advantages & disadvantages of being native a Essay

What do you see as advantages & disadvantages of being native a speaker and a non-native speaker - Essay Example Native speakers of a language enjoy numerous advantages over their non-native counterparts who, subsequently, experience a range of disadvantages due to social exclusion, lack of any intense or ongoing semantic familiarity and the burden of social or ethnic otherness that finds itself replicated in language systems. Advantages also exist for non-native speakers however, as the concept of English as a 'global language' creates a simplified, secondary stream of English language communication. Native and non-native speakers therefore enjoy both positive and negative flow on effects from their degree of expertise or familiarity - and these effects vary as global language systems evolve. As the use of English spreads throughout the world and the concept of a 'global english' becomes more viable - a clear delineation emerges between native and non-native speakers of the promoted dominant language. There is a clear linguistic stratification within groups who are 'speakers' of a certain lang uage. Even within groups of native speakers there are cultural, socio-economic and micro-social dialectic particulars creating sub-categories of communication that produce exclusivity within even smaller groups.

Distribution Channels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Distribution Channels - Essay Example It involves providing important features of the product that makes it stand out from the competitors. In addition, the people element refers to how the service and the expertise and skills of the people who work for the organization who help in the achievement of a company’s goals and objectives as well as beat competition. Finally we have the place also known as the distribution channel which is a channel of activities that acts as a bridge between the producer of a product and the actual user of the product (Armstrong & Kotler, 2009). All the marketing mix elements are important to an organization but the distribution channel is the most important and effective manner in which the product gets to the hands of the customer. The distribution channel entails a chain of intermediaries that helps passing of the product from the manufacturer to the end user. In addition, distribution channels are important as they simplify how products will get to the end user. Marketing channel plays a key role in the organization as marketers plan on how goods or services get to the customer. The marketing channel includes one or more marketing intermediaries who execute several marketing functions. These middlemen act as information providers to the manufacturer. They provide development changes like demography, media habits, entry of new competitors, as well as the emergence of a new product in the market. The most valuable time about middlemen is that they get information first hand as they always present in the market place and close to the customer therefore can get this important information at no extra costs. In addition, marketing channel intermediaries exist to make goods and services more available and accessible to the market. They offer contacts, experience, and economies of scale to those organizations that would not do these attributes on their own. The distribution channels affect other marketing decisions therefore making it

UV-vis works Essay Example for Free

UV-vis works Essay Even though I accidentally spilled most of my product while pouring it into the separatory funnel, the product left was identical to everyone elses by comparison of the UV-vis spectrum.  Discussion  One possible source of error in this experiment occurred when I spilled the product. Although a small amount of it remained in the beaker, I decided to pipet the  spilled product off the desk to save as much as I could in order to complete the experiment. At first I thought this might cause my product to be somewhat impure, but after looking at the UV-vis spectra, it was obvious this had no effect on the outcome. My spectrum looked perfectly fine. Conclusion UV-vis can be very helpful in finding out how pure your product is and what the components are by looking where the absorption bands are and the extent to which the components were absorbed. UV-vis works by electrons moving from the ground state to a higher excited state. The types of transitions possible are. The sigma to sigma star transitions take place at 200-700 nm and are usually not seen in UV-vis spectrum. N to sigma star transitions require less energy than sigma to sigma star transitions and occur at 150-250 nm. The last type of transitions occur between 200 and 700 nm and are the type which occur in the Cu(TTP) spectrum. Peaks that are shifted to shorter wavelengths caused by transitions are named blue shifts. The peaks that are shown in our Cu(TTP) spectrum are caused by transitions and are classified as red shifts. This is caused by attractive polarisation forces between the solvent and the absorber, which lower the energy levels of both the excited and unexcited states. This effect is greater for the excited state, and so the energy difference between the excited and unexcited states is slightly reduced resulting in a small red shift. This effect also influences   transitions but is overshadowed by the blue shift resulting from solvation of lone pairs (UV-vis Absorption http://www.shu.ac.uk/schools/sci/chem/tutorials/molspec/uvvisab1.htm) Questions and Answers 1. Why does Cu(TTP) elute before H2TTP? The copper would elute first. The reason for this is because of the acidity of the hydrogen atoms. Since the hydrogens are acidic, they want to hold onto the silica gel, which will cause them to elute after a longer time period.  2. The rates at which compounds elute from a silica gel column depend on any pretreatment of the silica gel. In which case would a compound elute faster: down a column made of silica gel that had been previously heated at 150 degrees Celsius under vacuum for 8 hours, or down a column made of silica gel that had been sitting open in the laboratory for a few days? Explain. When you heat silica gel, water evaporates off the gel leaving open sites where polar molecules can bond. When you let silica gel out in the open, it will collect water molecules on it. Compounds would elute faster down a column that has been heated at 150 degrees for 8 hours because the gel would be dry.  3. A mixture of cis and trans isomers of the neutral complex Cr(CO)4[P(C6H5]2 is loaded onto a silica gel and eluted with CHCl3. Which isomer would elute first, and why? The trans isomer would elute first. References Skoog Douglas; Holler F. James; Nieman Timothy A., Principles of Instrumental Analysis, fifth edition, Thompson Learning: 1998.  Quinn 6  UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopy-Theory. http://www.shu.ac.uk/schools/sci/chem/tutorials/molspec/uvvisab1.htm.

The Abrasive Jet Machining Engineering Essay

The Abrasive Jet Machining Engineering Essay Abrasive Jet machining is a kind of blasting process and one of the most hopeful micro machining process for hard and brittle materials like glasses and ceramics. Metal is removed due to the erosion caused by impact of high speed abrasive jet. Abrasive Jet machine has precision X-Y axis rigidly mounted to the cutting table and it has programmable Z axis with nozzle assembly. According to the proper design calculations we can select different components of Abrasive Jet Machine. In this project, I develop the model using different CAD packages like AUTO CAD and SOLID WORKS. Moreover I also explain the effect of several AJM operating parameters like standoff distance, size and type of abrasives on metal removal rate of AJM. I explain how we can maximize the efficiency of AJM by controlling their parameters. In this model care has been taken that use less fabricated component rather than directly procuring them because sometimes we find less accuracy in fabricated component so performance of machine can be low. Introduction of Abrasive Jet Machining Material removal processes is a part of manufacturing process and it can be divided into two major groups. One is conventional machining processes and another is Non- conventional machining processes. Different types of Conventional machining processes are Milling, Shaping, Drilling, Slotting, Boring, etc. And the examples of Non Conventional Processes are Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM), Electro-Discharge Machining (EDM), Laser Beam Machining (lBM), Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM) etc.. Abrasive jet machining also called, Abrasive Micro blasting, it is a material removing process and material is removed by a focused steam of abrasive particles carried by high pressure gas or air. A fine abrasive particle strikes on work surface through nozzle and the material is removed by erosion by the high velocity abrasive particle. AJM is used mainly to cut materials that are very sensitive to heat damage and thin section of hard materials that chip easily and it is also used to cut intricate shapes and holes which are more difficult to produce by other processes. Equipments of Abrasive Jet Machine C:UsersVishalDesktoppart01.jpg A layout of Abrasive Jet Machining is shown in fig. Abrasive particles are fed from the hoper into the mixing chamber. High pressure air or gas (such as Carbon Di-oxide or Nitrogen) used as carrier gas is supplied to the mixing chamber which containing abrasive powder and vibrating at 50 c/s. with the help of pressure regulator we can control the gas flow and pressure. The high pressure air/gas entrains the abrasive particles and this mixture comes out from small nozzle at high velocity. This stream of abrasive particles strikes on the surface of work-piece and cut the material. The abrasive stream is directed to the work piece locations by nozzle, which may be manually positioned or mounted in some designed fixture for automatic operation. For automatic operation, cam drives, tracer mechanism or pantographs used to automatically position either nozzle or work piece. Abrasive Jet Machining Mechanism: C:UsersVishalDesktopAjm set up 3d.jpg In this process kinetic energy of abrasive jet is strike on the surface of work piece then it converts into pressure energy. If pressure energy is more than the yield strength or tensile strength of work piece material then material gets cut. List of Components of AJM: Abrasive Delivery System ( Including Hopper) Pressure Regulator Air filter valve Mixer Nozzle Suitable arrangement to hold the work piece Elements of Abrasive Jet Machine There are three main elements of AJM: Nozzle Abrasive Carrier gas The above mentioned three elements of AJM influence: Material removal rate and accuracy of machining Nozzle wear rate Surface roughness Geometry of cut Variables in Abrasive Jet Machine The process can be easily controlled to vary the metal removal rate which Depends on following variables. Nozzle design ( mean Shape of nozzle such as circular, square) Distance between the nozzle and work piece Inclination to the work surface Type of abrasive Size and shape of abrasive Flow rate of abrasive Type of carrier gases Velocity of abrasive jet Work piece material Nozzle design: Nozzle must be resistant under different conditions like pressure and kinetic energy of jet and common materials used for nozzle are tungsten carbide and synthetic sapphire. Pressure losses at the end of nozzle should be low. Distance between nozzle and work piece: Standoff distance affect on material removal rate of AJM. Material removal rate is increase if we increase standoff distance up to certain limit and then fall gradually. Small standoff distance gives better penetration of abrasive particle into the work piece and large standoff distance might cause flaring. Successfully experiments show that effective standoff distance is 0.8mm. Types of abrasive: Aluminum oxide is preferable abrasive in majority of application and silicon carbide abrasive also use in certain cases. Abrasive size also prominent factor in AJM. Best results have been obtained with a abrasive size in the range of 10-50  µm. Abrasive Flow Rate: Maximum material removal rate is achieved with a flow rate at 8-18 g/m. Increase the flow rate above the normal range for a particular nozzle design results in lower stream velocity thus decrease the material removal rate. It is advisable to use acceptable flow rate to conserve abrasives and increase the nozzle life. Grain size: Abrasives with smaller grain size have high density which may cause chocking problem of nozzle. General grain size use in AJM is 10 µ to 50 µ. Fine grains are used for polishing and deburring. Coarse grain size cut faster and cut deeper also. Work piece material: Abrasive jet Machine is generally used for machining brittle material like ceramics and glass and effect of MRR is depends on hardness of material if hardness is high then MRR is low and vice versa. Advantages of Abrasive Jet Machine: Low capital cost Low power consumption Ability to cut intricate shapes in high hardness and toughness material Ability to cut fragile and heat sensitive material without damage because no heat generated and overall forces are low The part produced is free of burs It is flexible process from design point of view Tooling time is substantially reduced Both faces of work piece can be machined simultaneously. Disadvantages of Abrasive Jet Machine It is slow process since metal removal rate is very slow. Larger floor space is required Skilled operators are needed Sharp corner cannot be produced High manufacturing cost Material thickness that can be machined is limited Abrasive grains can stick into soft material so cleaning is required High wear rate of nozzle The process tends to pollute the environment Applications of Abrasive Jet Machine Removing flash and parting lines form the injection molding machine Deburring and polishing plastic components like nylon and Teflon Frosting interior surface of glass tubes Etching marking on glass cylinder High quality surface can be easily produced Glue, paints can be removed effectively form paintings. Different Components of Abrasive Jet Machining set up Abrasive Delivery System CNC Control System Pump Nozzle Different Motion System of Nozzle Catcher plate Abrasive Delivery System: Modern abrasive delivery feed system do not need a vibratory feeders and other metering valves. For smooth and precision cutting operation we need to have fixed and continuous abrasive flow rate. Now days we use orifice metering system metering system which is very reliable and extremely repeatable. During machining set up, once we measured the abrasive flow rate through orifice we can enter that value in control computer programmed and then no adjustment or further tuning of abrasive flow is ever be required. Bulk abrasive delivery system is mounted with the wheel and it is also easy to move and this kind of system is use compressed air to transport garnet from the bulk abrasive hopper to small hopper attached with the machine. Features: can hold approximately 550lbs abrasive Can be located 20 feet away from the Abrasive Jet machine. Height and Width are of following: 1320mm and 960mm Can handle minimum pressure 80 to 95 psi. How it works: Abrasive particles are stored into the hopper and abrasive container has one inlet and one outlet for air passage. The flow rate of abrasive is controlled by rotational speed of motor. Due to rotation of cam, abrasive container gets vibration. The abrasive particle is delivered by rotation of cam and motor arrangement. C:UsersVishalDesktophopper 3d.jpg C:UsersVishalDesktopAbarsive hopper.jpg Control System for Abrasive Water jet Machine: Most of abrasive water jet machine equipped with the CNC control system. G code programming is installed in CNC machine. But the limitations of the G code Controller is that feed rate is held at constant speed and feed rate varies only for some regions like curves and corners. Another limitation of G code controller is that is used for rigid cutting tools. Abrasive water jet machine is not a kind of rigid cutting tool. Every time change the feed rate for curves and corner results in uneven cut. So by considering various parameters like parameters of nozzle and intricate shape of part and variable thickness of the work piece and materials going to cut help to determine the feed rate so that operation can be done smoothly. For that we have to prepare the control algorithm which compute the desired feed rate based on the above parameters. By using G code we can convert this feed rate mechanism into a actual programming. This programming help to drive the servomotors and that controls the X Y motion and this way we can make part with more precision. Pump: Two type of pumps used in the Abrasive water jet system. One is Crankshaft pump which was used in old technology buy nowadays for high pressure cutting technology intensifier pump is used. In this hydraulic power pack system is a type of positive displacement pump. This system drives the intensifier. Hydraulic power pack system is controlled by microcomputers to set up the pressure etc†¦ Electric motor is used to drive the hydraulic pump and as the hydraulic fluid push the large cylinder which generate the high force on small cylinder and this small cylinder pressurize the water at the level which is proportional to the cross section area of larger cylinder to the small cylinder. Nozzle: High pressure water flows into the nozzle and cutting head of nozzle which comprise of an orifice and mixing chamber and an insert where water jet mixed with the abrasive and form an abrasive water jet. Various motion of the nozzle is controlled by motion system across the material. C:UsersVishalDesktopnozzle01.jpg How water jet Forms: Typical diameter of the nozzle is 6mm. High pressure water is then fed into the pipe which can carry the water at 400 Mpa and consisting of different joints without any leakage between them. When water passes through the orifice flow of water convert onto narrow jet and orifice diameter is usually about 0.2 to 0.4mm. When water enters into the cutting head section pressure head of water is converted into velocity head. Velocity of water can be expressed as Vw = 2Pw / Ï w. Where Pw is the pressure of water and Ï w is density of the water. The orifice usually made of sapphire and life of the orifice is about 100-150 hours. From orifice narrow water jet passes through the small section vacuum is created in mixing chamber and that pulls abrasive particles and air into the mixing chamber. Abrasive particles are feed through the different techniques like Vibratory bowl or Belt feeder. Mixing Chamber: Mixing tube is the section where abrasive particles mixed with the water jet. Focusing tube generally made of tungsten carbide because of its good abrasive resistance characteristics. Focusing tube has inner diameter typical about 0.8 to 1.6mm and length of 50 t0 80 mm. To get the maximum accuracy we have to replace the mixing tube frequently. We can replace it when tolerance goes below the acceptable level. Numerical modeling of Mixing process can be described as of follow: If we consider some energy losses at the water jet formation at the end of orifice then water jet velocity described as of following way: Vw = ÃŽ ¦ √ (2Pw/ Ï w) Where ÃŽ ¦ is Velocity coefficient of the orifice. Volume flow rate of water can be expressed as following: Qw = ÃŽ ¨ x Area of orifice x Vw = ÃŽ ¨ x à °Ã‚ Ã…“ «/4 do ² x ÃŽ ¦ √ (2Pw/ Ï w) = Cd x à °Ã‚ Ã…“ « /4 do ² x √ (2Pw/ Ï w) Where ÃŽ ¨ = co efficient of Vena Contracta Cd = Discharge co efficient of orifice. So total power of the water jet can be expressed by Pw = Qw x Pw = = Cd x à °Ã‚ Ã…“ « /4 do ² x √ (2Pw ³/ Ï w) Due to the loss occur in the mixing process both momentum and energy is not conserved. But assumed that no looses occur in momentum at initially. So ÃŽ £ (à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚  x v) before = ÃŽ £ (à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚  x v)After (à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ airvair + à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ wvw + à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ava)before = ( à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ aivairr + à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ wvw + à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ava)After As we know that air has very low density so momentum of air, before and after are neglected. Consider one more assumption and is that after mixing abrasive particle has same velocity of water and also neglect the momentum of abrasive then above equation can be expressed by à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ wvw = ( à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ w + à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ a) vaw So vaw = [(1/(1 + R) ] x vw Where R is the loading factor = à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ a/ à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ w During mixing process momentum losses occur due to the friction between the abrasive particle and inner wall of focusing tube and collision between the abrasive particle and water jet so for time being consider momentum losses and then equation is described by V aw = ÃŽ · x [(1/(1 + R) ] x vw Where ÃŽ · is the momentum loss factor. Motion System: Motion system can be designed in many ways according to the motion of nozzle around a work piece. This mechanism provides excellent operating conditions for the operator. C:UsersVishalDesktop3dTable 3Imagetable1.jpg Materials are loaded with the help of overhead crane or fork lift truck to the tank. This mechanism is useful for 5 axis tables and also provides pretty much space to the vertical tilted axis. This structure has restriction to the movement of nozzle that means movement of nozzle has limitation to twist and long distance between the table and work piece result in error due to the deflection of machine. In this type of mechanism, Nozzle is mounted to the Y axis carriage. C:UsersVishalDesktop3dTable 3Imagetable 2.jpg Y axis is moving beam and is mounted with the X axis. Back beam is supported at the two ends. This mechanism is suitable for very large machine. C:UsersVishalDesktop3dTable 3Imagetable 3.jpg In above mechanism, nozzle is very close to the plane of work piece which minimize static and dynamic errors while operation is going on. This system is not suitable for manually material loading and this provide material loading is equal to the access of the tank. Cost estimation ( Bill of material) Item Cost per single item No of items required Total cost Linear motion guide ways hsr30cm $385 3 $1155 Precision Ball screw $188 3 $564 Supporting Unit $144 3 $432 Frl unit air filter $48 1 $48 Diamond nozzle for long service life $900 1 $900 Abrasive hopper with 90lb capacity $132 1 $132 Other accessories $250 $250 Total $3481 Material Removal rate Mechanism and Modeling in Abrasive Jet Machining As we discussed earlier, material removal rate takes place in abrasive jet machining because of the erosion of the work material and erosion take place due to the high impact of jet velocity strikes on the work piece. Following assumption has been considered in mechanism of Material removal rate. Shapes of the abrasives are spherical and abrasive particles are rigid. Kinetic energy of the abrasive particles is fully used in removing material of the work piece. Erosion takes place in brittle material due to the brittle fracture and the volume of fracture is considered as hemispherical with the diameter which is equal to length of the indentation. C:UsersVishalDesktopGeometry.jpg C:UsersVishalDesktopPart2.jpg From the geometry of the erosion of material DE ² = DF ² + EF ² EF ² = r ² = DE ² DF ² r ² = (dg/2) ² (dg/2 H)  ² = -H ² + dg H ≅ dg H r = Volume of the erosion of material is equal to the volume of hemispherical crater and is given by: TB = 2/3 = 2/3 x (dg H) ^3/2 As we know kinetic energy equation is given by  ½ mv ² so the kinetic energy of Abrasive particle grit is given by K.Eg =  ½ mg V ² = /12 x dg Ï g V ² Where V = Velocity of Abrasive Particle Ï g = Density of Abrasive Grit dg = Diameter of Single Abrasive Grit mg = Mass of Abrasive Grit When Abrasive particle strikes on Work piece material, work piece will be subjected to maximum forces which cause the erosion of material which I indicated in figure by symbol H. Therefore work done is given by W =  ½ x F H Impact force F is give by F = Indentation Area x hardness of the material W =  ½ x r ² H S And Work done is equal to Kinetic energy because we assumed that kinetic energy is fully utilized for material removal so W = Kinetic energy K.E  ½ x r ² H = = /12 x dg Ï g V ² So H = (dg Ï g V ²)/ (6r ²S) = dg V (Ï g/6S) ^1/2 Now material removal rate of brittle material can be expressed as of following: MrrB = TB x No. of strikes by abrasive grits per second N = TB x (ma/ /6 dg Ï g) = (6TB ma/ dg Ï g ) Now Put the value of TB = 2/3 x (dg H) ^3/2 = [ 6 x (2/3 x (dg H) ^3/2) x ma] / ( dg Ï g ) = (4 ma Ï g) x (H/dg) ^3/2 As we know that H = dg V (Ï g/6S) ^1/2 So MrrB = (4ma/ Ï g) x (dgV/dg) ^3/2) x (Ï g/6H) ^3/4 = (4maV) ^3/2 / (6^3/4 x Ï g^1/4 x S ^3/4) = (maV^3/2) / (Ï g^1/4 x S^3/4) Fabrication and Assembly of Abrasive Jet Machine Nozzle: A standard length of cylindrical rod typically made of Tungsten Carbide or Synthetic Sapphire or MS was cut into the proper length based on the requirements by using power hack saw. By turning process in Lathe machine we can reduced the diameter of cylindrical rod and bring up to 15mm. On same lathe machine we can make tip by Taper turning process by tapering one end of cylindrical rod. Then make a blind hole of 20mm on planner face of rod by using 12mm drill bit in drilling machine. Due to the tool tip angel, a shape of 118 degree formed at the end of blind hole. To get the 1mm of Tip of nozzle, we can use the 0.74mm drill bit in Drilling process. Cam: Mild steel of 40mm diameter can be used as a raw material of Cam. Turning process is used to bring down the diameter up to 35mm. By using power hack saw we can get the required width (Approximate 25mm). Then both cut faces can be machined in Milling Machine. Through hole can be made by 16mm Drill Bit in Drilling Machine. Abrasive Container: Abrasive container usually made out of the hollow cylinder. On the both end of container two Cast Iron plates were welded. On the top plate, two iron pipes fitted through the holes. There are two pipes in a system, one is inlet which is longer and makes more agitation of abrasive particles and outlet pipe is shorter. Compressed air goes to the abrasive container through inlet pipe and mixed with the abrasive particles then mixture of Air and Abrasive forward to the nozzle to perform operation Vibrator Assembly: Angel section is welded with the base plate by welding process. Induction motor is placed on the angle section which is parallel to the base plate. Induction motor is tightening with the nut and bolt with base plate. Cam is fixed with motor shaft and Abrasive container is connected to the rod and it is freely to rotate around the rod. C:UsersVishalDesktopVribator.jpg Design data and Technical Specification of Various Components: X-Y Table X -Y table is prominent part of the abrasive water jet machine. Various fixturing arrangements have to be provided to hold the work piece while operation is running. The travel of X-Y table has been decided based on the application. Table consists of two parts. One is upper plate and another one is lower plate. Upper table travel in X direction and lower table travel in Y direction. Based the model of Omax 2626, table can travel 730mm x 660mm. Y Axis is responsible for movement of work piece in Y direction. Other components of X-Y are of following. Linear motion guide way Recalculating ball screw Supporting unit for ball screw Couplings Nuts and bolts Other components as required Linear motion guide way: General application of linear motion guide is for the linear motion. Based on the different parameters like travel length, floor space requirement, type of equipment being used, linear motion guide way is selected. With the help of different rollers which provide rolling elements between the rails and block we can get higher precision linear motion system. Frictional losses are reduced between the elements by restraint effects between the rails and block and it can withstand high load in any directions. Assembly of Linear motion Guide way Source: Hiwin linear motion guide way catalog_G99TE13-0809 C:UsersVishalDesktopl m guide way.JPG L M Guide way with Dimensions Structure of linear motion guide way: As shown in fig, each raw of balls have angle contact 45 degree. Retainer plate has facility to hold the recalculating ball screw which guide linear motion guide way in directions. End plate is attached with the linear motion blocks which allow the balls to circulate. Side seal is placed between the row of balls and grease nipple is attached with the end plate. Linear motion guide way can achieve precise motion by setting up the section height smaller as much as possible based on the requirements and also provide rigidity of the model. Compare to all others traditional slides, co efficient of friction of linear motion guide way is 1/50 th. Advantages of linear motion guide way: Provide high accuracy Insufficient lubrications in traditional slides give errors in accuracy and in linear motion guide way frictional contact is rolling contact so it has little wear and therefore it has long life. Due to small frictional resistance a small driving force required to move the load and hence it provides high speed of motion. Provide Equal loads capacity in all four direction Best advantage is the interchangeability of the parts. Ball Screw: Ball screw assembly for linear motion guide way consists of screw and nuts. Helical threads or grooves provided between nuts and screws and balls are rotate between them. Ball return system provides the way to return the balls again that means when ball reach at the end of the nut it return through the return pipe. Ball nuts in ball screw assembly determine the fatigue failure in the system and ratios of number of threads in ball nut to the number of threads on ball screw decide the wear out. By considering the table length, calculation of X axis and Y axis ball screw length is determined. For our table our X axis ball screw length should be 730mm + 200 mm (Breadth for upper table) + 100mm allowances for below cover so it should be 1030mm. For Y axis table it should be 660mm + 200mm + 100mm so it should be 960mm. Based on the ball screw length, rail length is determined and which is 50mm larger than ball screw length. C:UsersVishalDesktopball screw.JPG Ball screw Assembly Supporting Units: Ball screw supported bearing are designed with the high bearing stiffness compare to other conventional bearing. Two kinds of supports are available fixed end support unit and supported end support unit. In fixed end support unit can take all thrust by given work and in another support end support unit acts like usual bearing. Nut bracket is used to bolt the ball screw nut with the work load platform. Vertical motion Module: Vertical motion module comprise of all above components like L M guide way, Pipe holder , Ball screw assemble, supporting units, nozzle holder and nozzle etc. This assembly is used for adjustment of stand of distance between nozzle and work piece. C:UsersVishalDesktopVerticle motion module.jpg Fixture arrangement for work piece in Abrasive Jet Machine As abrasive jet machine is used for various kind of applications that also result in various fixture arrangement of work piece based on the application. So not only one application can use for the applications. Usually Abrasive jet machine requires less fixturing equipment to get start the operation so combination of different components can be used for particular kind of work. Fixture is used to locate the work piece correctly and for quick loading to reduce the machining cycle time. To prevent undesirable movement or rotation of work piece while the work piece is under the process. When work piece is under the processes, high pressure of water and abrasive strikes on the work piece so it can move in sideways or lift up those results in errors. Most of abrasive jets are used to make flat parts or add some features to the existing parts. So for all kind of flat parts 3 parameters has to considered and which are X position , Y- position and angle of rotation with respect to X-Y point. Figure shows the fixture arrangement of work piece for flat parts using square and clamps. As shown in figure parts are lying on the slats and clamping is provided to prevent the side motion of work piece because slats do not provide better support to the work piece. A square plate is bolted with the tank. As shown in fig. Screws which are close to the work piece is a clamping screws and which are far from the work piece for the square to adjust the different thickness of material. This system is used to prevent the rotating motion of slats. Comparison of Abrasive jet Machining process with other Processes: Abrasive Jet machine Vs Laser Beam Machining: Comparison with respect to the material can be cut: Abrasive water jet can cut varieties of material with good conditions compare to laser beam machining. For refractory materials, laser beam machining has poor applicability whereas abrasive water jet has good applicability for same materials. Capital cost and abrasive water jet set up is very low compare to Laser machining. There is no heat produce in Abrasive water jet marching so it minimize the thermal distortion of material also minimize the secondary operation because it provides continuous or uniform smooth surface with little burr on the surface. As the thickness of the work piece increase, higher precision can be obtained by abrasive jet machine with the same or higher tolerance than laser. Abrasive water jets are safer compare to laser machining and abrasive jet nozzle is very simple than laser however life of nozzle is about 100-150 hours of operation. However there are some disadvantages associated with the abrasive water jet process while compare with the laser machining like tool wear is very low and power consumption also very low in laser machining as abrasive water jet has little high compare to laser. Abrasive water jet machine or Abrasive jet machine Vs. EDM. EDM has low applicability for the material like super alloys whereas abrasive water jet machining has good applicability of the same materials. Abrasive water jet machining has facility to make piercing in the parts by itself while EDM process has required pre drilled hole. There is no heat affected zone so this process eliminates secondary operations. Good capabilities to make large parts with economical cost. Rapid software programming which is very simple and less set up with fixturing make this machine considerable to buyers. It can work better in any kind of materials like conductive or non conductive. If the thickness of work piece is less than the 25mm or 1 inch, abrasive jet machine works five to eight times faster than the EDM but less precise as well. Abrasive water jets Vs Plasma Material removal rate efficiency of plasma machining is very low compare to the abrasive water jet machining. Plasma machining is not preferable to refractory material while abrasive water jet machining applicable to wide range of materials. Abrasive water jet provides better edge finish than plasma machining process but plasma machining process is faster than the Abrasive water jet process. Abrasive water jet Vs. Milling Milling can be used for rapid production if set up is already done and fully programmed whereas abrasive jet machining has rapid programming feature and if operator is well trained than set up do not required for the part. Minimal burring problem, less scrap, environmentally friendly, no oil soaked chips are the reasons of abrasive jet machining which replacing milling process in machine shops.

Choice of leadership styles

Choice of leadership styles In the process of certain incidents with in the group of people whether it formed temporarily or permanent which requires someone to lead or conduct the group of people in a way that drives towards right direction. For any organization it is difficult to run a business without a leader. It is alike driving a car without knowing the road. The person who is appointed or selected as a leader needs to have certain influential skills which cause the organization to follow. To be a leader the individual must be able to induce followers to act for certain goals that represent the values and motivations the wants and needs, the aspirations and expectations of both leaders and followers (Burns, 1978). There are some differences and similarities between the companies followed leadership style. It depends on structure of a company, area of a business and other factors which would influence the leadership style of the organization. Managers need to have certain skills to run their business in any situation and need to reflect feedback gathered from other people, on their business process and sometimes they need to delegate someone to complete the specific task within a particular time frame and the outcome would show how successful and inspirational managers they are. 1. Identify factors in organisations that would influence choice of leadership styles and explain why leadership styles are likely to positively affect team building. Mainly there are four basic factors which influence leadership style in certain organization (US. Army, 1983), which are leader itself, follower, situation and communication. Leader: The knowledge, personality, beliefs, skills, ethics and values of the leaders (his/her) will affect the leadership style. The leader will reflect his or her personal characters on the process of strategy or way of doing. Followers: Any organization consists of numbers of followers with different backgrounds and personalities. Leaders should use the most appropriate strategy in a way that followers to respond their best and they need to know their people well. Situation: Leaders stay had to choose the strategy in many different situations. Every strategy does not work for every situation. The one strategy you used in one situation may not work for in other. Communication: The way of communication shows the relationship between the leader and an employee. The relationship between leader and an employee affect the leading style. Adams Equity Theory: According to this theory, when fair balance between employees inputs and outputs settled productivity of work is to improve with motivated employees. Employee Inputs include: Effort Loyalty Hard Work Commitment Skill Ability Adaptability Flexibility Tolerance Determination Enthusiasm Trust in superiors Support of colleagues Personal sacrifice, etc. Employee Outputs include: Financial rewards (salary, benefits, perks, etc.) Intangibles that typically include: Recognition Reputation Responsibility Sense of Achievement Praise Stimulus Sense of Advancement/Growth Job Security When employees think their inputs are more than their outputs, some employees are to work hard to bring the balance whereas some may feel de-motivated and could look for another alternative employment. Therefore manager needs to keep the balance of input and outputs as fair as possible. In the practical life these inputs and outputs of employees are balanced differently, based on organizational structures and its management style. There are five kinds of leadership styles can found in organization which are: Autocratic, Collaborative (Participatory), Democratic and Laissez-Faire. Autocratic leadership style: Manager has as much power of authority as possible and does not seek input from team. Employees are expected to do their work as whatever manager said. Also this type of leadership is likely to reduce motivation of employees. Collaborative (Participatory) Leadership style: This leadership style is the most effective one for team building. Every one from each department, appointed for certain task within the organization and encourages creativity, productivity and responsibility. Democratic Leadership Style: Managers inform their employees for everything and encourages employees to participate in a decision making process through gathering information, suggestions and ideas from members and employees. Laissez-Faire: Managers leave their employees free for decision making, determining goals and objective and all authority is given to employees. Among these leadership styles most appropriate one for to create effective team building is the collaborative leadership style. For instance, at STARBUCKS, the managers wanted to develop a deep relationship with their employees in order to achieve their trust from trust other employee carer UNIONS. Starbucks has increased the employees outputs to motivate their employees such as providing them opportunities to practice their skill, allow them to contribute to organization, improved the working condition, created a part of the organization environment and recognised employees achievement awards like; Warm Regards, MUG Award and Spirit of Starbucks Award. When employees achieved their task or exceeding the targets, they are to get motivated and rewarded when. 2. With reference to a relevant leadership model, explain how an organisations working practices could be improved, by collecting feedback from others. : Any organization is in battle to continuous improvement of its product and service. One of Japanese most famous management model is KAIZEN. Kaizen means on going improvement involving everyone, top managements, managers and workers. Kaizen refers to removal of 3MUs (Muda- waste, Muri-strain, Mura- discrepancy) and application of 5Ss (Seri- straighten up, Seiton- Put things in order, Seiso- clean up, Seiketsu- personal cleanliness, Shitsuke-discipline) at any level of the organization in order to improve the process of the organization continually. When any problem is seen in the organization, it demands some changes for improvement and as a matter of fact only the honest and realistic feedback would affect to bring sustainable growth and change in the organization. Gathering feedback from others is one of the most important techniques for both individual itself and for the company to improve its ongoing performance. The feedbacks can be gathered through different ways such as surveys, suggestion box, face to face conversation, telephone, online comments etc. The output of the company could be more effective, when managers reflect the gathered feedback information on their decision making process. Employees are one of the main factors for operating business and managers are able to know how employees think, feel and behave, through a relevant survey. The employee attitudes, opinions and suggestions in the survey would provide opportunity for managers to see the organization from different angle. The survey should aim to understand what makes their employees motivated or discouraged and what factors that can provide a job satisfaction or dissatisfaction, what do employees think about current situation of the company, what changes they want, then managers would be aware of the problem and they would be able to know what steps needs to be taken and which helps the company to operate in more productive and profitable ways. The most recent and effective appraisal, for individual and organization is the 360 degree feedback and which has widely implemented in numbers of organizations. 360 Degree or multi-rater feedback is a process which is a tool of individual or organizational self assessment through multi raters feedback and anybody who is related to individual or to the organization can be involved in the process such as managers, direct reports, clients, customers, suppliers etc. In this process you are not assessed by one person like only by your manager, you are also assessed and rated on your performance by other people who know about you and your work well. Your own completed assessment will be compared with others opinion and feedbacks and the result will be much more realistic and objective as assessment involved large number of raters than as involved only one rater. When this process implemented well and effectively, which will help the organization move towards bright and successful future. 3. Explain why it is so important to make effective and efficient use of your teams knowledge and skills while planning to achieve work objectives More or less someones help encourages an achievement of success for any reason. No one could be successful without receiving any help from others. Specially, a manager in any organization works with other people as a team for a certain goal and whose success can not be measured on its own, without his/her employees. There are numbers of tasks need to be completed by team members to reach the set objectives. However it does not mean that everyone can do whatever they want. As a manager it is important to use knowledge and skills of his/her employees, in effective and efficient way. Manager needs to consider and identify which employee is good at what and what skills of employee need to do what task, during the planning and task allocating process. When manager identifies the strength and weakness of the employees it will be easier for the manager to delegate the task. If managers delegate the tasks without having any idea of their employee skills and knowledge, a team can face quality and cost related problems and it could cause not to achieve the set objective on time. The outcomes are as written bellow when managers use skills and knowledge of their employee in a right way: Save time to accomplish a task on time A good quality of work Save cost and money Ready for next similar task, since manager knows who good at what 4. Identify and describe one barrier to delegation in the workplace and one mechanism to support delegation in the workplace Delegation is a part of a managers job and which gives responsibility, authority and accountability to employees and also gives opportunity to show their skills and talent to their managers. Some managers avoid delegating works because of mistrust and try to complete the whole work on his/her own. It brings workloads and stress to the manager and even can cause to failure of work. Therefore delegation of work is useful for manager him/herself, employees and for the company as a whole. However there are some advantages and disadvantages of delegation. Advantages of delegation: Efficient use of time and skills Provides professional growth opportunities Promotes teamwork Increase productivity Develop trust with your employees Save money Gives employees pride in their work and improve job satisfaction Disadvantages of delegation: Delegated work may not be done correctly Employees may focus more on their own work than delegated work Employees may not be sure who to consult because of unclear structure of authority The numbers of obstacle can appear in front of delegation though the barrier that seen most frequent is the own attitudes and traits of delegators or managers themselves. Delegation means allowing someone to do something through giving an authority to make their own decision to complete the certain task. The main barrier appears when the manager to decide whether to delegate or not and the reasons which influence managers to not to delegate are, having a mistrust with their employees and having a fear of loosing their authority to others. If manager do not trust his/her employees skills or having a fear of loosing his/her authority to someone, manager would prefer to do it on his/her own, rather than delegating to someone. Even though there are some factors which push managers to delegate the task to someone, which are; size of organization, more demanding tasks to complete, task complexity, qualities of subordinates and importance of the duties and decision. These supporting factors are more situational and the most influential one, which supports the delegation, is having workloads in a workplace. When managers have to complete massive works in a short time, they will prefer to delegate someone to complete the task behalf of them. Otherwise managers can not be complete their task on time and which could influence their work performance negatively. 5. Explain one technique that could be used to monitor the outcomes of delegation in the workplace A manager as a delegator needs to make sure that delegated tasks are being done correctly and effectively before its accomplishment. Every tasks need to be completed in a certain period of time and employees supposed to be aware of what work needs to be done, how it should be done, whom they are going to consult when problem appears and what outcomes do managers expect. If manager re-inform about deadlines and establish checkpoints and ask members if there is any problem or if they need any help to support them for finishing the relevant tasks which would help managers to get successful outcomes from their staffs. However the one thing that managers always need to remember is not to interfere too much to their employees work where you delegated. Because, it could influence employees decision, to accomplish the task on their own way and which can not be effective when something has done under someones pressure. Conclusion: The numbers of organizations are being established day by day and they would choose their own management style adapting to their business situation. There is no such leadership style, which is always successful and its effectiveness would depends on what organizational culture they have and what type of business they run. Managers need to have certain influential leadership skills which are to accomplish the certain task successfully through making their employees motivated. On the other hand, managers decision will not be right all the time, sometimes they need to listen to other peoples opinion, suggestion and ideas and should reflect those things on their decision making process to reach a successful outcomes.

Instant Messaging and College Students Essay -- Communication Computer

Instant Messaging and College Students In the past few years, technology has taken over our world. Our lives are flowing rapidly into a technology-based planet; can you remember a time when people did not walk around with a cell phone attached to their heads? Do you recall a time when you had to pull out the map book to find directions instead of heading over to www.mapquest.com? One of the newer technological devices to make its way into the United States, and especially into the lives of college students, is instant messenger. The question we must ask ourselves about instant messenger, a question we must ask about any new piece of technology is, does this creation benefit us or harm us? Instant messenger has many positive aspects, but when carefully weighing the good points against the bad one can conclude that instant messenger will overall negatively affect the typical college student. Basic Information What exactly is instant messenger? It is an online chatting service, which does not require a server, therefore giving direct and instant communication (Van Horn 653). One can chat with multiple persons at the same time if he or she desires. It was first developed in 1988 by a Finnish man and named Internet Relay Chat (Goldsborough 44). Its popularity has steadily increased since its development. In fact, in 1999, IDC, a technology market research firm in Massachusetts, predicted that its popularity would grow one hundred and forty percent in each of the next five years. This growth implies that by the year 2004 there will be over one hundred and eighty million instant messenger users (Goldsborough 44). Positive Aspects However, there are good and bad aspects to everything that is popular in societ... ...ew Hampshire. 23 Oct. 2002. http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.8.1.html Flatow, Nicole. "Communication Overload?." Pipe Dream 13 February 2001. . 23 October 2002 http://www.bupipedream.com/010213/news/n5.html Fry, Ethan. "AOL Instant Messenger a college must." Columbia Chronicle Online 15 April 2001. . 23 October 2002 http://www.ccchronicle.com/back/2002-04-15/opinions4.html Goldsborough, Reid. "Instant Messaging for Instant Communications." Black Issues in Higher Education Mar. 2001: 44. Kovach, Nick. "Internet Addiction a Threat to College Students." The Post 25 January 2001. 23 October 2002 The Life Application Study Bible. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1997. Van Horn, Royal. "Disruptive Technology." Phi Delta Kappan Mar. 2002: 492-4. --- "Raw Data and News." Phi Delta Kappan May 2002: 652-4.

ARSON :: essays research papers

U.S. FIRE ADMINISTRATION COMBATS NATION'S ARSON PROBLEM Arson Awareness Week Targets Juvenile Firesetting WASHINGTON (FEMA) -- Everyday brings news of a serious national problem - arson. This year, Arson Awareness Week, May 5-12, focuses on juvenile firesetting because young people currently represent about 55 percent of arson arrests, according to the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA), a part of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). "Arson is not a hidden crime. It's murder by fire, a violent crime against property and people. Every year arson kills 700 people, destroys 100,000 buildings and costs more than $1.4 billion," U.S. Fire Administrator Carrye Brown said. "There are, however, effective ways citizens, along with law enforcement and the fire service, can ensure the culprits are brought to justice." Brown said that everyone should take steps to prevent arson in their communities. Arson exists in various forms -- juvenile firesetting, vandalism, pyromania, a murder weapon, and concealment of a crime. "We must identify the faces of arson. In addition to kids setting fires, incidents of adult firesetting are increasing, " she said. Charles Evancho, national arson expert and chief of arson, Detroit Fire Department said, "Arson is one of the most difficult crimes to prosecute successfully. Often the criminal justice system does not view arson as a serious crime. The challenge is to develop sentencing for adults and juveniles." Last year, USFA, provided $2 million to 12 states to develop anti-arson programs. In Colorado, for example, USFA grants support a juvenile firesetter prevention program in partnership with a treatment center for abused children. "We need grant programs and partnerships like this," Brown said. "Arson must be tackled on several fronts and people must protect themselves by strengthening prevention and apprehension efforts." Brown offered the following advice: -- Ask local law enforcement and fire officials to identify buildings at risk for arson. -- Organize arson block watches to monitor run-down and vacant buildings, and report suspicious activity. -- Keep boxes, trash, wood and other combustibles away from buildings. -- Make sure everyone in the family knows two ways to escape from their home. Install smoke detectors on each level of your home and check the batteries every month. Seconds count in any fire. USFA supports the nation's firefighters with training, fire data analysis, public education and research in fire protection technologies. For more information about arson and other fire issues, call FEMA's Fax-On-Demand at (202) 646-FEMA. For Internet users, arson facts are available on the World Wide Web at: http://www.fema.gov/usfa/usfa.htm. Jump to the U.S. Fire Administration

Having Positive Attitude Is Vital Education Essay

I would wish to lucubrate deeply about my positive attitude. Having positive attitude is critical. This leads to a motivated acquisition squad, a comfartable work environment and besides happy personal life. It is difficult to happen a scenario which a individual with positive attitude and full of regards been scolded. No negative or bad attitudes make my personal life great. I socialized with my household with happy and respectful ideas which motivate themself to portion their felicity with me and others. With my attitude keeps people around me in a good temper. This characteristic makes me to pull off the tense state of affairss during my survey session particularly when I have task to finish my assignment before due day of the month. Being positive motivates and encourages others to be compliant and respectful. Besides, a positive attitude will be good in my acquisition squad because it will advance teamwork and friendly relationships. I think that a happy, friendly squad will be more productive than a squad that argues and disagrees. Biologically, my blood group is B positive ( B+ ) and this may reflect me to be positive. My 2nd strength is forbearance. It is so much nicer to cover with people that are patient. Patient people do non disrupt others, but alternatively they listen and are helpful. In my personal life, I have an autistic nephew who requires tonss of forbearance. Being autocratic, angry, and snappy will merely do my nephew reasoning backward and go really hard to manage. I must speak easy to him and reiterate myself several times so that he will understand me. In my survey environment, it is besides imperative that I am patient. I deal with difficult and hard assignment inquiry. Each inquiry has their ain grade of troubles. Therefore, I need to suppress each of the inquiries with my best reply and support it with sensible grounds. I patiently search for the articles sing several subject and supply my best reply to guarantee myself acquiring great consequence in my survey. In add-on, forbearance is a must when take parting in a squad environment. When many people get together in a squad, th ings frequently progress quickly and sometimes acquire sloppy or misunderstood. Using forbearance will keep consistence, accurateness, and organisation. After describe the strength of myself I must now convey that I have failings. I am non ace homo, nor a perfect individual. My failings frequently frustrate and challenge me, but my positive attitude forces me to rectify and suppress my failings. The failing which I can establish in myself is public speech production. I get really nervous. The mark is my custodies get dank and get down to sudate. Droplets of H2O appear on my face and I mumble my words when I start to talk in forepart of big group of people. This job does non give a immense impact in my personal life nor will it impact my online acquisition squad, but it does impact my day-to-day responsibilities at college. I speak with others particularly my friends sing general cognition and household members that are incarcerated. I am told that my jitteriness does non demo, but before and during every address I feel my custodies shake, my pess get dank, and my face perspiration. Over the old ages, I have fought this conflict of pu blic speech production by making many things. First, I completed a college degree English category. Second, I completed a college degree speech category. Recently, I am taking and English tuition category to heighten my communicating accomplishment and widen my English vocabulary. My 2nd blind topographic point that I must acknowledge is the deficit of organisation accomplishment. I organize my assignment documents by fliping them on my survey desk and shut the door so I will avoid myself to look at them. I largely fear of my computing machine room. It is difficult for me to happen my belonging particularly in my survey room because of my unorganised attitudes. When assignment season arrives, it will be a catastrophe. The laxation in organisation lengthens the clip to finish those assignments. I frequently lose my of import notes and my framework paper. This affair requires me to carry through my undertaking twice the existent clip needed. I lose my valuable clip which I can busy that cherished clip together with my household. Besides that, this will earnestly impact my larning squad. Before it acquiring much terrible, I have to better my demeanor to be a better organise individual. I will non scare up myself when I see documents incorporating college assignme nt. A desk together with registering cabinets and a twenty-four hours contriver calendar will be the suited tools to assist me to get the better of my job. The frights of my bad consequence in my sheepskin degree recognize me that organisation accomplishment is important to win in my survey and any range of my life. I have strengths and I have failings. I have taken a good expression at myself in the mirror and I know I am the lone 1 that can assist me suppress my failings and better my strengths. I am proud of my positive attitude and forbearance which are my strengths. In add-on, I am motivated to better my public speech production and organisation accomplishments so I can concentrate on other of import issues, such as finishing my instruction. My strengths give me happiness and motive to assist others and my failings are merely every bit weak as I let them be. I do take to go a instructor was non a determination made immediately. This declaration was a acme of a procedure of recoil about what I wanted to accomplish in my life. I make a determination to be in instruction line because I convinced this is the most important maps pattern in our civilization today. The ability to alter and better the universe to be a better topographic point to populate starts from the attempt and thought given by instructors. I hope to heighten both my personal and professional accomplishment during the procedure of learning. Bing a baronial profession is my primary way with the hope that I will be counted among successful hereafter instructors imbues others. Many dramatic instructors that teach me do go my function theoretical accounts and heroes. In secondary school and college, I began to recognize that amazing instructors have their typical accomplishments that I need to larn. Following their illustrations can do me to go person in the society. Good at elu cidate content of a topic, house and patient towards pupils, ever be just among pupil, puting high and realistic outlooks, have the accomplishment to advice and motivate others are some of the index needed to go a great instructor. From the characteristic listed, I intend to catch them all in order to go a fantastic instructor. Somehow, I do recognize that my instruction accomplishment will boom as I work on my ain cognition, experiences, values and strengths. I want pupil to analyze in a comfy and safe environment. Therefore, it will increase their self-esteem. High degree of self-pride will assist the pupil strive to accomplish their ends. Helping them to makes their dreams come true will be the of import function that I need to transport. I will hold the chance of configure proactive hereafter parents and member of society. I do frequently inquire myself, what a better occupation it could be instead than being a instructor after naming all those grounds. The reply is none. It will be a immense part from me for the society. I can make an ambitious society and I am proud with the chance given to me. During my undergraduate plan late in University of Wales, United Kingdom, A I am taking Computer Science class. This will assist me to double maestro myself both in Information Technology and learning. Most of the minor categories that I enrol are communicating and psychological science, which would assist me in my calling as a instructor. Other than that, I do besides learn in a private tuitions centre as my portion clip occupation. During that clip I besides spent considerable sum of clip detecting schoolrooms. With strong instruction background and the broad scope of experience that I gain in schoolroom, I realize that learning will be the most suited calling for me. â€Å" Razin you ‘re an dreamer † this is been told to me. I want to give my best service for everyone. I set high aim as a instructor and set 1000s of attempt to carry through it. Therefore, it gives a good illustration to my pupils that if we put attempt we can make our ends. My pupil will larn, understand and construe into existent life all the cognition which I thought them in category. I want to do my pupils wonder what they are larning. Make them inquiry, think critically, write, read and maintain on reading. By this they will widen their cognition. A superb instructor is non merely merely explain and demonstrate instance survey to their pupil but person who inspires. This cherished characteristic create an first-class instructor and drive them extra mile farther than others. A great instructor will explicate inquiry been asked by their pupil and do them to the full understood and non allow their pupil walk off in uncertainty. Brainstorm will be the best tools used by extraordinary instructor to convey peculiar lesson program if the pupil did non understand and the lesson period terminals. He or she would believe, â€Å" How am I traveling to explicate this peculiar construct to my pupil and they need to understand clearly what am I learning? † This type of instructor I intend to be. Ability to animate others is non merely a gift or an chance but it ‘s a challenge. Presently, we can see that there are 1000s of pedagogues still with their old head set and do non like to accept this challenge. This serious affair demand to be alteration. Nowadays, pupils been forced to school. Most of the times, pupil will believe that larning is non their chief precedence but instruction is instructors occupation. Students ever learn but may non the same as lesson Teach by their instructor. An first-class instructor will non merely expert on their field but cognizant with current issues and fix themself to learn â€Å" something † else. The re are something prove to be more valuable than cognition itself which is ethical motives and character. I want to animate the kids who will stand for the hereafter of our great state. I believe that, the clip I set my end there will be the obstructions to halt me accomplishing it. The most common barrier to making my potency is my mentality. What and how I think about myself and what I wish to accomplish. I limit myself by the negative ideas I think and say to myself. If you think and believe that you can non carry through something, so that will come true and you will neglect. However, when you think that you can carry through a undertaking or get the better of a state of affairs, and you put in the attempt, you will win. Remember you ca n't merely trust something will come true, or merely state to yourself I will win, I will win and things will go on – you have to take control and take action. I frequently hear people say they have failed in the yesteryear or things have non worked out for them so they are bound to neglect if they try once more. This is merely an alibi. Because you failed in the yesteryear does non intend you will neglect once more. You s hould believe of things that happened in the yesteryear in footings of what you can larn from them. See everything as feedback instead than failure. What will brooding on past events achieve for you? Will it do you better? Will it function to do you experience worse? Think about this. The yesteryear is merely good so we can larn from our errors – it serves really small other intent. The yesteryear is over and done with we ca n't alter it, merely learn from it. Negativity can truly halt you from making your possible. Believe it or non negativeness is more prevailing than positiveness. Negative influences are all around – in the newspaper on the wireless and on Television. Not merely this sometimes we get negative messages from household, friends, and colleagues who are stuck in a negative mentality and believe they are assisting you by † being realistic † when in fact they are non assisting at all. Mixing excessively much with these people will merely functi on to convey you down, instead than raise you up. The best thing you should make when making your potency is to environ yourself with like-minded people who are besides endeavoring for success. Positive successful people like to assist other people achieve success excessively. Having positive support is really of import. One thing that stops many people from making their potency and being successful is that they lack a program. I am ever amazed at how people can be after their summer vacations for months, yet when they are asked what plans they have for life and what ends have they set they merely look at you with a clean face! Too many people go through life merely taking what is handed to them. They let others make their determinations for them. Never do they put out ends and program for the hebdomads or months in front. It is indispensable that you take the clip to put out ends, figure out how to make those ends, and do a timeline for success. This procedure is vitally of import but is frequently ignored. Sample of Personal Development Plan Name Muhammad Razin Bin Amir Hamzah Course Title Cardinal Life Long School University of Wales, United Kingdom Degree Bachelor in Computer Science Where am I now? Study in University of Wales, United Kingdom. What do I desire to carry through? Complete my survey in Computer Science. How do I accomplish it? Study smart with proper survey methodological analysis. Create head map. What might halt me? Indolent to make alteration. Do non pay attending during lesson. Time Scales Start Date End Date Remarks Short Term ends 3 SEPTEMBER 2012 3 SEPTEMBER 2014 Achieve first category award in my degree degree. Long Term ends 4 SEPTEMBER 2014 4 SEPTEMBER 2024 Accomplish my aspiration to be a lector or high school instructor.

Economies Of Scale Scope Essay

Economies of Scope An economical theory stating that the clean correspond damage of production decreases as a resultant role of increasing the number of different goods holdd.For subject, McDonalds screwing produce both hamburgers and French french french fries at a lower fair(a) cost than what it would cost two violate firms to produce the alike goods. This is because McDonalds hamburgers and French fries share the use of food storage, dressing facilities, and so forth during production.Another example is a company such as Proctor & Gamble, which produces hundreds of products from razors to toothpaste. They can afford to claim expensive graphic designers and marketing experts who volition use their skills across the product lines. Because the be are spread out, this lowers the average total cost of production for each product.Economies of musical cuticle are the cost advantages that a line of reasoning can exploit by expanding their scale leaf of production. The effect of economies of scale is to reduce the average (unit) costs of production. Here are whatsoever examples of how economies of scale workTechnical economies of scaleLarge-scale businesses can afford to grace in expensive and specialist great(p) machinery. For example, a supermarket chain such as Tesco or Sainsburys can site in technology that improves stock control. It ability not, however, be viable or cost-efficient for a small corner unwrap to buy this technology. Specialisation of the workforce big businesses split complex production processes into take apart tasks to boost productivity. By specialising in certain(prenominal) tasks or processes, the workforce is able to produce more output in the same time.

Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid

GAYATRI VIDYA PARISHAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) MADHUARAWADA, VISAKHAPATNAM 530048 concession SUBMITTED TO S. V. RAMANA - DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH NAME OF THE STUDENT VAMSI KRISHNA G ROLL NUMBER12131A0533 TITLE OF THE ASSIGNMENT engine room ON EDUCATION - DATE OF SUBMISSION 15-04-2013 creative activity The impact of applied science on education is immense.In time-honored old age students apply to sterilise confined to libraries for whatever information on the subject fields given to them just now at present a days the applied science has been improved , students hold out port commensurate thingumabobs with them such as laptops, mobiles etc. they atomic cast 18 also provided with Ebooks which argon often more march on than the textbooks. KEY POINTS 1. As the engineering turn over been change magnitude productivity tools such as databases, spreadsheets, graphic programs etc abide students to independently organize, analyze, interpret, develop, their own work 2.Projectors are vie a major role in an students heart as teachers sacrifice adopted e teaching techniques due to which students are understanding the concepts easily. It has lessen the rouse of a teacher 3. Technology have been change magnitude so well that the application of scientific calculators have lessen the burden of the engineering students. 4. students finish conform up language lessons with a native vocalizer who lives in an antithetic country and attend the lessons via videoconferencing 5.With a simple assignment and access to applied science, researching and also producing a product that would communicate, students are able to do rich learn on a concept that wasnt even addressed in their textbook, and allow other people to view it and learn from it. 6. E-books is an electronic device which consists of a lot of information more than a textbook. Hence e-book has replaced the textbook . 7. 3D larn has drive a reality especially for medical , architech , biological science students as it amplifications their understanding and are able to apprehend the concept very easily. . Now a days students are not restricted to libraries and classrooms as they are equipped with portable learning devices such as laptops, pendrives, smartphones etc. 9. In hoary days students used to refer a number of books by spill to library but now students buns aspire any information on any topic on web for example Wikipedia. 10. Assistive technology contribute help students who have mental unhurriedness along with students who are low performers, at-risk students or have any learning disability. 11.There are a number of websites such as expert tutorials, mock testes, online testes which increase the confidence of the students facing any type of exams. 12. Presently, classroom learning is increasingly dependent on the desegregation of technology thus enhancing learning. The current technology uses telecommunicate systems, data processing and laptop audio/videos webinars. 13. youtube is a great example for homegrown ingenuity as it has more different venues such as entertainment, learning and even commercialization of products. 14.The improvement in technology has been a great help to students in many fields for instance, in the field of fashion technology , one can use different coloring material patterns , 3D designing etc. so that they can have immediate evaluation. 15. The textbooks have also expire very attractive with fine quality and much more advanced than the olden days textbooks, which help the students to update the information accurately. 16. In olden days students used to write the information from different textbooks which was a time taking process but now a days students can get any type of information printed instead of writing. 7. Students can incoperate pictures,matter with the help of scanner in their presentation. 18. Open straining class room techniques have been implemented so that students engage in hands on learning related to nature topics. 19. Virtual reality technology is an important tool for the monitoring anomalies in structures and to support decisions based on visual analysis of resource solutions. It is mostly used in civil engineering. 20. The technology has made it possible for the distance education students to persue point with good universities.CONCLUSION Hence increase in technology has brought a great change in education. Students are getting more confident and are able to face the world with no fear. Computers assist in education by providing a wide move of resources, and by tailoring instruction to the individual student, which can seldom be done in the conventionality classroom. VAMSI KRISHNA G 15-04-2013 SIGNATURE (WITH DATE)